Frames: Difference between revisions

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{{Parts infobox
{{Parts infobox
|image          = Frame-5.png
|image          = Frame-5.png
|designer        = Phil Jergenson
|designers      = Phil Jergenson, Ken Isaacs, Tim Schmidt
|date            = 1987
|date            = 1987
|vitamins        =  
|vitamins        =  
|materials      =  
|materials      = [[Woods]], [[Aluminums]], [[Steels]], [[Plastics]], [[Fiber reinforced resins]]
|transformations =  
|transformations = [[Milling]], [[Drilling]], [[Punching]], [[Cutting]]
|lifecycles      =  
|lifecycles      =  
|tools          = [[Drill presses]], [[Automated drilling machines]], [[CNC routers]], [[Punch presses]], [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:4639552 Sanding blocks]
|tools          = [[Drill presses]], [[Automated drilling machines]], [[CNC routers]], [[Punch presses]], [[Sanding blocks]]
|parts          =  
|parts          =  
|techniques      = [[Bolting]], [[Tri joints]], [[Shelf joints]]
|techniques      = [[Bolting]], [[Tri joints]], [[Shelf joints]], [[Count by fives]], [[Divisible by two]], [[Center holes]]
|stl            =  
|files          =
|suppliers      =  
|git            =  
|git            =  
}}
}}
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=Introduction=
=Introduction=
The modular frames in this system are constructed using only one component, repeated and assembled in a variety of configurations, using [[nuts]], [[bolts]], and [[washers]].  These frames assemble quickly, intuitively, and squarely in all dimensions and on uneven surfaces, under water, or in zero gravity.  Frame members are easily manufactured from renewable and widely available raw  materials such as trees, square steel, aluminum, and other metal tube, even bamboo and
The modular frames in this system are constructed using only one component, repeated and assembled in a variety of configurations attached using [[nuts]], [[bolts]], and [[washers]].  These frames assemble quickly, intuitively, and squarely in all dimensions and on uneven surfaces, under water, or in zero gravity.  Frame members are easily manufactured from renewable and widely available raw  materials such as trees, square steel, aluminum, and other metal tube, even bamboo and
recycled thermoplastics.  Aluminum frame members retain perfect interchangeability and reusability after years of
recycled thermoplastics.  Aluminum frame members retain perfect interchangeability and reusability after years of
intense sun exposure, submersion in water, etc.  Wood frame members retain near-perfect interchangeability and reusability across lifetimes when stored in a home, or other controlled environment.
intense sun exposure, submersion in water, etc.  Wood frame members retain near-perfect interchangeability and reusability across lifetimes when stored in a home, or other controlled environment.


=Challenges=
=Challenges=
Most projects require a physical structure.  Sizes, shapes, and configurations vary widely.   
Most projects require a physical structure.  Sizes, shapes, and configurations vary widely.  Welding requires special skills and equipment.  Aluminum extrusion, widely used, can be frustrating to insert nuts into channels in already assembled frames, and the infinite adjustability of the extruded channel requires measurement tools at assembly time and great care and attention to detail.
 
<youtube>IcVu7G71N50</youtube>
<youtube>x30Sq6aq0wY</youtube>


=Approaches=
=Approaches=
Line 34: Line 38:
Flat pack frame2.jpg|Flat pack frame by [https://twitter.com/Ian_Willey/status/610420168783724544 Ian Willey]
Flat pack frame2.jpg|Flat pack frame by [https://twitter.com/Ian_Willey/status/610420168783724544 Ian Willey]
</gallery>
</gallery>
<youtube>avdOxtKywbk</youtube>


==Profile==
==Profile==
Line 44: Line 50:


==Widths==
==Widths==
Frames of larger cross section require fewer holes than frames of smaller cross section that are the same length.  Counterintuitively, thicker frame is sometimes faster or less expensive to produce than thinner frame.  Thicker frame also creates stronger [[tri joints]] and requires fewer nuts and bolts to create frames of equivalent size and strangth as compared to frame of reduced width.  Thinner frame can allow accurate and reproducible model building before final assembly at larger scale.  Thinner frame also allows for a finer resolution in the hole pattern, easing complex mounting problems.
Frames of larger cross section require fewer holes than frames of smaller cross section that are the same length.  And fewer saw cuts when working from lumber or [[sheets]].  Counterintuitively, thicker frame is sometimes faster or less expensive to produce than thinner frame.  Thicker frame also creates stronger [[tri joints]] and requires fewer nuts and bolts to create frames of equivalent size and strength as compared to frame of reduced width.  Thinner frame can allow accurate and reproducible model building before final assembly at larger scale.  Thinner frame also allows for a finer resolution in the hole pattern, easing complex mounting problems.


==Lengths==
==Lengths==
Frame lengths are intentionally limited to 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, and 50 holes per side. These lengths have been chosen to allow for the creation of all necessary joint configurations (using lengths 2, 3, 4, and 5) as well as to allow for lengths with a center hole and lengths which are evenly divisible by two. The reduced set of lengths allows for improved reuse from project to project, easier identification in photographs and diagrams, and simpler production, handling, and shipping.
Replimat uses frame lengths of 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 holes per side. These lengths have been chosen to allow for the creation of all necessary joint configurations as well as to allow for lengths with a center hole and lengths which are evenly divisible by two. Reducing the set of lengths allows for improved reuse from project to project, easier identification in photographs and diagrams, and simpler production, handling, and shipping.  Projects in this wiki make use of only these 9 lengths and rely on [[trusses]], [[splicing frames]], [[stacked washers]], and adapter [[plates]] to reach arbitrary positions.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Comparison of whole unit frame lengths
|+ Comparison of whole unit frame lengths - 200mm has been chosen as a base unit
|-
|-
! 8mm width !! 20mm width !! 25.4mm width !! 38.1mm width !! 40mm width !! 50mm width !! 60mm width
! 8mm width !! 20mm width !! 25.4mm width !! 38.1mm width !! 40mm width !! 50mm width !! 60mm width
Line 121: Line 127:
Frame-25.png|25 hole frame - the largest of the frames with [[center holes]]
Frame-25.png|25 hole frame - the largest of the frames with [[center holes]]
Frame-30.png|30 hole frame - makes great shelves
Frame-30.png|30 hole frame - makes great shelves
Frame-40.png|40 hole frame - like 30 but bigger!
Frame-50.png|50 hole frame - 50 holes, the largest standard frame size
</gallery>
</gallery>


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==Materials==
==Materials==
====Steel / Aluminum====
[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Robotics/Design_Basics/Building_Materials Wikibooks: robot building materials] implies that cardboard (!) is best for quick prototypes; for functional robots, "wood is probably the best material to start with."; where wood isn't quite durable enough, aluminum is the best metal -- better than steel for most robots.
=====United states=====
===Steel / Aluminum===
====United states====
*Any construction steel supplier.
*Any construction steel supplier.
* [https://8020.net/9701.html 8020 Inc Ready Tube]
* [https://8020.net/9701.html 8020 Inc Ready Tube]
Line 142: Line 147:
* [https://www.tnutz.com/ TNutz]
* [https://www.tnutz.com/ TNutz]


=====Canada=====
====Canada====
* Any construction steel supplier.
* Any construction steel supplier.
* Unistrut
* Unistrut
Line 150: Line 155:
* [https://store.cpiautomation.com/ CPI Automation]
* [https://store.cpiautomation.com/ CPI Automation]


=====UK=====
====UK====
*Any construction steel supplier.  (Undrilled)
*Any construction steel supplier.  (Undrilled)
=====New Zealand=====
====New Zealand====
<sbailard_> VikOlliver, steel and aluminum box section down in NZ, is it metric, or '25.4 mm'?
<sbailard_> VikOlliver, steel and aluminum box section down in NZ, is it metric, or '25.4 mm'?
<VikOlliver> Strangley it's in approx 25mm increments...
<VikOlliver> Strangley it's in approx 25mm increments...
* sbailard_ is beside himself in surprise.
* sbailard_ is beside himself in surprise.
<VikOlliver> It's sold as 25x50mm box section but you know what they mean...
<VikOlliver> It's sold as 25x50mm box section but you know what they mean...


* https://www.ullrich-aluminium.co.nz/extrusions/square-tube
* https://www.ullrich-aluminium.co.nz/extrusions/square-tube
* https://www.easysteel.co.nz/products/hollow-sections
* https://www.easysteel.co.nz/products/hollow-sections


=====China=====
====China====
* [https://www.aliexpress.com/store/1752067?spm=2114.12010612.pcShopHead_12407346.0 Bulkman 3D]
* [https://www.aliexpress.com/store/1752067?spm=2114.12010612.pcShopHead_12407346.0 Bulkman 3D]


====Wood====
===Wood===
=====Michigan=====
====Michigan====
* [https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/industry_directory_535236_7.pdf WOOD PRODUCTS IN MICHIGAN PART I - A Directory of Primary Mills and Manufacturers]
* [https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/industry_directory_535236_7.pdf WOOD PRODUCTS IN MICHIGAN PART I - A Directory of Primary Mills and Manufacturers]


=====Finishing=====
====Warning====
<youtube>2e9lfhmBgYU</youtube>
 
=====Warning=====
In North America, wood which is called '1x1' or '2x2' is actually smaller than 1 inch or 2 inches in cross section.  This is unfortunate but legal.  Speak to a lumber yard or other supplier about getting 'wood which is actually sized 1 inch by 1 inch or 2 inches by 2 inches'.  They will be able to help you, possibly by setting up a small order correctly sized material with a local mill, which may be a quick job.  (If you are a woodworker, this paragraph is obvious, and we apologize.  And you have a table saw.)
In North America, wood which is called '1x1' or '2x2' is actually smaller than 1 inch or 2 inches in cross section.  This is unfortunate but legal.  Speak to a lumber yard or other supplier about getting 'wood which is actually sized 1 inch by 1 inch or 2 inches by 2 inches'.  They will be able to help you, possibly by setting up a small order correctly sized material with a local mill, which may be a quick job.  (If you are a woodworker, this paragraph is obvious, and we apologize.  And you have a table saw.)


Line 181: Line 183:
*Grit - Use a stiff plastic brush to clean off your wood.  Stone pebbles will chip your saw blade.
*Grit - Use a stiff plastic brush to clean off your wood.  Stone pebbles will chip your saw blade.


==Manufacture==
===Plastics===
* [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:3585407 Cordless drill press attachment]
<youtube>zNGuuSKE1pY</youtube>
* [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:4787896 3D printed automatic center punch]
* [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:4775540 Sanding Block (with comfortable handle and firm grip of sandpaper)]


=References=
=References=
* [https://hackaday.com/2021/05/25/getting-started-with-aluminum-extrusions/ Getting started with aluminum extrusions]
* [https://hackaday.com/2021/05/25/getting-started-with-aluminum-extrusions/ Getting started with aluminum extrusions]
* https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07P7BKXY7/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_apa_i_w83gFbG078T8M?tag=replimat-20
* https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07P7BKXY7/ref=cm_sw_r_cp_apa_i_w83gFbG078T8M?tag=replimat-20
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Robotics/Design_Basics/Building_Materials Wikibooks: robot building materials] implies that cardboard (!) is best for quick prototypes; for functional robots, "wood is probably the best material to start with."; where wood isn't quite durable enough, aluminum is the best metal -- better than steel for most robots.
** ''Is "edgeboard"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100804002012/http://www.arcspace.com/gehry_new/index.html?main=/gehry_new/cardb/cardb.html] the same as corrugated cardboard? It's apparently strong enough to hold up full-sized humans; is it strong enough to hold up an extruder nozzle?''
** ''Is it possible to build a [[FlatPack]] RepStrap mostly out of "Laminated Laser-cut Cardboard"[http://forums.reprap.org/read.php?178,64851]?''
*** [http://www.erb.co.il/en/cooperations.asp Izhar Gafni] has made a type of bicycle with a composite frame (''cardboard & epoxy?/some polyester?'') ("[http://www.dezeen.com/2012/11/12/cardboard-bicycle-by-izhar-gafni/ Cardboard Bicycle]"). It is apparently waterproof and strong enough to hold up full-sized humans. It is definitely worth an investigation, if nothing else for the other end of the M8 threaded rod there.. are on several levels; [[Epoxy_granite|Epoxy Granite]].
* [https://hackaday.com/2016/12/14/a-how-to-in-homebrew-design-fab-and-assembly-with-extruded-profiles/#more-232250 A How-To in Homebrew Design, Fab, and Assembly With Extruded Profiles]
* [https://hackaday.com/2016/12/14/a-how-to-in-homebrew-design-fab-and-assembly-with-extruded-profiles/#more-232250 A How-To in Homebrew Design, Fab, and Assembly With Extruded Profiles]
* [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:5453 SCAD Gridbeam Library]
* [https://ssb.muchmuch.coffee/%25bUttGn66HTaK16QNp7XBB%2B4fWlNnTPpOfpIUfRxHX3s%3D.sha256 discussion of frame production techniques]
* [https://ssb.muchmuch.coffee/%25bUttGn66HTaK16QNp7XBB%2B4fWlNnTPpOfpIUfRxHX3s%3D.sha256 discussion of frame production techniques]
* [https://www.atthatmatt.com/research/grand-unification-theory-of-modular-units/ Grand unification theory of modular units]
* [https://www.atthatmatt.com/research/grand-unification-theory-of-modular-units/ Grand unification theory of modular units]
Line 200: Line 195:
* [https://github.com/marialarsson/tsugite Interactive Design and Fabrication of Wood Joints]
* [https://github.com/marialarsson/tsugite Interactive Design and Fabrication of Wood Joints]
* [https://www.bullmoosetube.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/HSS_Beam_Load_Tables.pdf HOLLOW  STRUCTURAL SECTIONS Beam Load Tables]
* [https://www.bullmoosetube.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/HSS_Beam_Load_Tables.pdf HOLLOW  STRUCTURAL SECTIONS Beam Load Tables]
* [https://sacr3detching.com/ Sacr3D Etching]
<youtube>ozSE7Wrdb1o</youtube>
<youtube>ozSE7Wrdb1o</youtube>
<youtube>zNGuuSKE1pY</youtube>
<youtube>IcVu7G71N50</youtube>
{{OpenJSCAD|title=CAD|code=
// Here we define the user editable parameters:
function getParameterDefinitions() {
  return [
    { type: 'float', name: 'beam_width', caption: 'Beam width', default: 40 },
    { type: 'float', name: 'hole_radius', caption: 'Radius of holes', default: 6 },
    { type: 'choice', name: 'length', caption: 'Frame length (holes)', values: [2,3,4,5,10,15,20,25,30,40,50], captions: ["2","3","4","5","10","15","20","25","30","40","50"], default: 10 }
  ];
}
// zBeam(length) - create a vertical bitbeam strut 'length' long
// xBeam(length) - create a horizontal bitbeam strug along the X axis
// yBeam(length) - create a horizontal bitbeam strut along the Y axis
// translateBeam(beam, [x, y, z]) - translate bitbeam struts in X, Y, or Z axes in units 'beam_width'
var cylresolution=16;
var beam_width=38;
var hole_radius=8;
function main(params) {
    cylresolution=(params.quality == "1")? 64:16;
    beam_width=params.beam_width;
    hole_radius=params.hole_radius;
    return zBeam(params.length);
}
function xHole(i) {
    return CSG.cylinder( {
        start: [-1, beam_width/2, i*beam_width + beam_width/2],
        end: [beam_width+1, beam_width/2, i*beam_width + beam_width/2],
        radius: hole_radius,
        resolution: cylresolution
    } );
}
function yHole(i) {
    return CSG.cylinder( {
        start: [beam_width/2, -1, i*beam_width + beam_width/2],
        end: [beam_width/2, beam_width+1, i*beam_width + beam_width/2],
        radius: hole_radius,
        resolution: cylresolution
    } );
}
function zBeam(length) {
    var cube = CSG.cube({
        center: [beam_width/2, beam_width/2, (length*beam_width)/2],
        radius: [beam_width/2, beam_width/2, (length*beam_width)/2]
        });
    var holes = [];
    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++)
    {
        holes.push(xHole(i));
        holes.push(yHole(i));
    }
    var beam = cube.subtract(holes);
    beam.properties.myConnector = new CSG.Connector([10, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1]);
    return beam;
}
function yBeam(length) {
    return translateBeam(zBeam(length).rotateX(-90), [0,0,1]);
}
function xBeam(length) {
    return translateBeam(zBeam(length).rotateY(90), [0,0,1]);
}
function translateBeam(beam, t_vector) {
    return beam.translate(t_vector.map(function(n) { return beam_width*n; }));
}
}}

Latest revision as of 06:49, 4 March 2023

Part: Frames
Designers: Phil Jergenson, Ken Isaacs, Tim Schmidt
Materials: Woods, Aluminums, Steels, Plastics, Fiber reinforced resins
Transformations: Milling, Drilling, Punching, Cutting
Tools: Drill presses, Automated drilling machines, CNC routers, Punch presses, Sanding blocks
Techniques: Bolting, Tri joints, Shelf joints, Count by fives, Divisible by two, Center holes

Introduction

The modular frames in this system are constructed using only one component, repeated and assembled in a variety of configurations attached using nuts, bolts, and washers. These frames assemble quickly, intuitively, and squarely in all dimensions and on uneven surfaces, under water, or in zero gravity. Frame members are easily manufactured from renewable and widely available raw materials such as trees, square steel, aluminum, and other metal tube, even bamboo and recycled thermoplastics. Aluminum frame members retain perfect interchangeability and reusability after years of intense sun exposure, submersion in water, etc. Wood frame members retain near-perfect interchangeability and reusability across lifetimes when stored in a home, or other controlled environment.

Challenges

Most projects require a physical structure. Sizes, shapes, and configurations vary widely. Welding requires special skills and equipment. Aluminum extrusion, widely used, can be frustrating to insert nuts into channels in already assembled frames, and the infinite adjustability of the extruded channel requires measurement tools at assembly time and great care and attention to detail.

Approaches

Construct projects using a standardized space frame kit optimized for local production. Unlike Isaacs or Jergensen frames, Replimat uses only lengths that are multiples of 5 segments: 200 mm or approximately 7.5 inches. Frames of two, three, and four segment lengths are included to allow for the construction of additional joints and assemblies.

Profile

Replimat frames are constructed using standard lengths of material with a square profile or cross-section. Frame sections may be solid or hollow, constructed from a single piece, laminated, or joined. All Replimat frame sections share the same 40mm width. Frames of larger or smaller widths may be produced, and work with all of the construction techniques found here. Frames of evenly divisible widths interoperate.

Spaceframes constructed similarly are possible using other profiles. Hexagonal profile frame may be capable of building sections of Weaire–Phelan structures.

Hole Pattern

Holes are centered on each face of the frame and spaced regularly in a repeating pattern at a distance equal to the width of the frame. This geometrical arrangement allows the frame members to reliably produce rigid joints in three dimensions.

Widths

Frames of larger cross section require fewer holes than frames of smaller cross section that are the same length. And fewer saw cuts when working from lumber or sheets. Counterintuitively, thicker frame is sometimes faster or less expensive to produce than thinner frame. Thicker frame also creates stronger tri joints and requires fewer nuts and bolts to create frames of equivalent size and strength as compared to frame of reduced width. Thinner frame can allow accurate and reproducible model building before final assembly at larger scale. Thinner frame also allows for a finer resolution in the hole pattern, easing complex mounting problems.

Lengths

Replimat uses frame lengths of 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 holes per side. These lengths have been chosen to allow for the creation of all necessary joint configurations as well as to allow for lengths with a center hole and lengths which are evenly divisible by two. Reducing the set of lengths allows for improved reuse from project to project, easier identification in photographs and diagrams, and simpler production, handling, and shipping. Projects in this wiki make use of only these 9 lengths and rely on trusses, splicing frames, stacked washers, and adapter plates to reach arbitrary positions.

Comparison of whole unit frame lengths - 200mm has been chosen as a base unit
8mm width 20mm width 25.4mm width 38.1mm width 40mm width 50mm width 60mm width
8mm
16mm
24mm 25.4mm
32mm
40mm 40mm 40mm
48mm 50.8mm 50mm
56mm
64mm
72mm
80mm 80mm 76.2mm 76.2mm 80mm
88mm
96mm
104mm 101.2mm 100mm
112mm 114.3
120mm 120mm 120mm 120mm
128mm 126.6mm
136mm
144mm
152mm 152.4mm 152mm 150mm
160mm 160mm 160mm
168mm
176mm 177.4mm
184mm 180mm
192mm 190.5
200mm 200mm 202.8mm 200mm 200mm
208mm
216mm
224mm 220mm 228.6 228.6
  • 2 hole frame - smallest frame useful for making tri joints

    2 hole frame - smallest frame useful for making tri joints

  • 3 hole frame - often useful to create spurs, mount points, and clevis fasteners, smallest of the frames with center holes

    3 hole frame - often useful to create spurs, mount points, and clevis fasteners, smallest of the frames with center holes

  • 4 hole frame - sometimes required for linkages and structural elements

    4 hole frame - sometimes required for linkages and structural elements

  • 5 hole frame - count by fives which have center holes and can accommodate two tri joints each

    5 hole frame - count by fives which have center holes and can accommodate two tri joints each

  • 10 hole frame - "a ten"

    10 hole frame - "a ten"

  • 15 hole frame - this size works great for larger pivoting mechanisms thanks to it's center hole

    15 hole frame - this size works great for larger pivoting mechanisms thanks to it's center hole

  • 20 hole frame - desk or counter top height

    20 hole frame - desk or counter top height

  • 25 hole frame - the largest of the frames with center holes

    25 hole frame - the largest of the frames with center holes

  • 30 hole frame - makes great shelves

    30 hole frame - makes great shelves

Variations

In the imperial version, popular hole sizes are 21/64 inch and popular bolt sizes are 5/16 inch. For the metric frames, we can use a 6 mm bolt and 7-8 mm holes for the 25 mm frame; a 12 mm bolt and holes for the 40 mm frame and 13-14 mm holes for the 50 mm frame.

Materials

Wikibooks: robot building materials implies that cardboard (!) is best for quick prototypes; for functional robots, "wood is probably the best material to start with."; where wood isn't quite durable enough, aluminum is the best metal -- better than steel for most robots.

Steel / Aluminum

United states

Canada

UK

  • Any construction steel supplier. (Undrilled)

New Zealand

<sbailard_> VikOlliver, steel and aluminum box section down in NZ, is it metric, or '25.4 mm'?
<VikOlliver> Strangley it's in approx 25mm increments...
* sbailard_ is beside himself in surprise.
<VikOlliver> It's sold as 25x50mm box section but you know what they mean...

China

Wood

Michigan

Warning

In North America, wood which is called '1x1' or '2x2' is actually smaller than 1 inch or 2 inches in cross section. This is unfortunate but legal. Speak to a lumber yard or other supplier about getting 'wood which is actually sized 1 inch by 1 inch or 2 inches by 2 inches'. They will be able to help you, possibly by setting up a small order correctly sized material with a local mill, which may be a quick job. (If you are a woodworker, this paragraph is obvious, and we apologize. And you have a table saw.)

A common so-called "two-by-four" (38 mm x 89 mm, 1.5 inch x 3.5 inch) can be ripped and planed into two separate grid beams (each 38 mm square). Does it make any sense to do slightly less work, converting that so-called "2x4 board" into one beam that acts like those 2 grid beams permanently attached to each other, 38 mm x 76 (1.5" x 3.0") with a double row of holes on the 3.0" wide side?

  • Nails - After checking carefully with a nail finder.
  • Grit - Use a stiff plastic brush to clean off your wood. Stone pebbles will chip your saw blade.

Plastics

References

Retrieved from "https://wiki.replimat.org/index.php?title=Frames&oldid=9703"